Time series and missing observations

Read change through time without treating a missing observation as zero.

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Time series and missing observations

The same river level threshold is used throughout. One annual record is missing. Line segments only connect consecutive observed years; no zero or interpolated observation has been inserted.

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Fictional annual river recordExact observations: 2018: 29 days; 2019: 36 days; 2020: 25 days; 2021: 38 days; 2022: missing days; 2023: 33 days; 2024: 26 days; 2025: 31 days. The line is deliberately broken at the missing year.01020304050607020182019202020212022Missing202320242025Annual days above the stated river level
YearDays above the fixed level
201829
201936
202025
202138
2022Missing
202333
202426
202531
Fictional annual river record. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.
Resource description

Exact observations: 2018: 29 days; 2019: 36 days; 2020: 25 days; 2021: 38 days; 2022: missing days; 2023: 33 days; 2024: 26 days; 2025: 31 days. The line is deliberately broken at the missing year.

1. What is the mean of the observed annual counts, to two decimal places?

2. What is the signed change between the first and last observed years?

3. What does the missing year establish?

Choose an answer

The maps and data are fictional. These exercises do not count as required fieldwork.

Use the resource carefully

State the unit and the part of the resource you used. A pattern in a fictional dataset is evidence for that exercise; it does not establish a fact about a real place.

Check whether an explanation is supported by the data or needs additional geographical knowledge. For statistical tasks, a calculated result does not establish causation or significance by itself.

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