Compare category counts with an explicitly stated expected model.
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Chi-square goodness of fit
Under the stated null model, each of four equal-area quadrants contains one quarter of the plants. Treat each independently located plant as one observation. Calculate Σ(O − E)²/E. Expected counts here all exceed five; independence would still need to be justified in real work. Spatial clustering can violate it.
Habitat quadrant
Observed individual plants
Quadrant 1
21
Quadrant 2
19
Quadrant 3
23
Quadrant 4
17
Fictional plant counts All values are synthetic.
Resource description
Fictional plant counts
Use the resource carefully
State the unit and the part of the resource you used. A pattern in a fictional dataset is evidence for that exercise; it does not establish a fact about a real place.
Check whether an explanation is supported by the data or needs additional geographical knowledge. For statistical tasks, a calculated result does not establish causation or significance by itself.