{
"id": "pack-aqa-gcse-73-40-flood",
"title": "Flood management and uncertainty",
"qualification": "AQA GCSE Geography",
"qualificationId": "aqa-gcse",
"examYear": 2027,
"templateId": "linked-flood",
"difficulty": "standard",
"skillIds": [],
"fieldworkModeIds": [],
"engineOptions": {},
"minutes": 45,
"totalMarks": 40,
"topics": [
"Rivers",
"Hazards",
"Water"
],
"caseIds": [],
"sections": [
{
"id": "section-1",
"title": "A storm, its hydrograph and flood management",
"intro": "Original fictional unfamiliar-resource pack. Work across the resources; each describes the same teaching scenario. This is not an official examination paper or a real project forecast.",
"resources": [
{
"id": "storm-record",
"title": "One fictional storm record",
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional storm hydrograph. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "Hour 0: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 1: 4 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 2: 11 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 3: 6 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 4: 0 mm rainfall, 11 m³/s discharge; Hour 5: 0 mm rainfall, 17 m³/s discharge; Hour 6: 0 mm rainfall, 23 m³/s discharge; Hour 7: 0 mm rainfall, 29 m³/s discharge; Hour 8: 0 mm rainfall, 23 m³/s discharge; Hour 9: 0 mm rainfall, 17 m³/s discharge; Hour 10: 0 mm rainfall, 11 m³/s discharge; Hour 11: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 12: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge",
"columns": [
"Hour",
"Rainfall in preceding hour (mm)",
"Discharge (m³/s)"
],
"rows": [
[
0,
0,
5
],
[
1,
4,
5
],
[
2,
11,
5
],
[
3,
6,
5
],
[
4,
0,
11
],
[
5,
0,
17
],
[
6,
0,
23
],
[
7,
0,
29
],
[
8,
0,
23
],
[
9,
0,
17
],
[
10,
0,
11
],
[
11,
0,
5
],
[
12,
0,
5
]
]
},
{
"id": "floodplain",
"title": "Land cover and homes",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Reach",
"Impermeable surface (%)",
"Homes",
"Homes in mapped flood extent (%)"
],
"rows": [
[
"Upper reach",
20,
900,
20
],
[
"Town reach",
65,
1900,
50
],
[
"Lower reach",
35,
1700,
30
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "The extent is one scenario footprint. It is not an annual probability map or a map of all future floods."
},
{
"id": "management-options",
"title": "Management alternatives",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Option",
"Capital cost (£ million)",
"Benefit",
"Limitation"
],
"rows": [
[
"Upstream storage and wetland restoration",
4.2,
"May attenuate peak flow and provide habitat",
"Land agreements and maintenance are required; storage may fill in extreme events"
],
[
"Town flood wall",
7.5,
"Protects selected assets up to its design conditions",
"Overtopping and downstream consequences remain possible"
],
[
"Property adaptation and warnings",
3.1,
"Reduces some damage and improves preparation",
"Does not stop floods or secure all transport links"
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "Available capital budget: £8 million. Options are alternatives; their benefits cannot simply be added. Operating costs are separate."
}
],
"resource": {
"id": "storm-record",
"title": "One fictional storm record",
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional storm hydrograph. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "Hour 0: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 1: 4 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 2: 11 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 3: 6 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 4: 0 mm rainfall, 11 m³/s discharge; Hour 5: 0 mm rainfall, 17 m³/s discharge; Hour 6: 0 mm rainfall, 23 m³/s discharge; Hour 7: 0 mm rainfall, 29 m³/s discharge; Hour 8: 0 mm rainfall, 23 m³/s discharge; Hour 9: 0 mm rainfall, 17 m³/s discharge; Hour 10: 0 mm rainfall, 11 m³/s discharge; Hour 11: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge; Hour 12: 0 mm rainfall, 5 m³/s discharge",
"columns": [
"Hour",
"Rainfall in preceding hour (mm)",
"Discharge (m³/s)"
],
"rows": [
[
0,
0,
5
],
[
1,
4,
5
],
[
2,
11,
5
],
[
3,
6,
5
],
[
4,
0,
11
],
[
5,
0,
17
],
[
6,
0,
23
],
[
7,
0,
29
],
[
8,
0,
23
],
[
9,
0,
17
],
[
10,
0,
11
],
[
11,
0,
5
],
[
12,
0,
5
]
]
},
"resourceType": "linked",
"costUnit": "£ million",
"options": [
{
"id": "storage",
"label": "Upstream storage and wetland restoration",
"cost": 4.2,
"benefits": [
"May attenuate peak flow and provide habitat"
],
"limitations": [
"Land agreements and maintenance are required; storage may fill in extreme events"
]
},
{
"id": "wall",
"label": "Town flood wall",
"cost": 7.5,
"benefits": [
"Protects selected assets up to its design conditions"
],
"limitations": [
"Overtopping and downstream consequences remain possible"
]
},
{
"id": "adapt",
"label": "Property adaptation and warnings",
"cost": 3.1,
"benefits": [
"Reduces some damage and improves preparation"
],
"limitations": [
"Does not stop floods or secure all transport links"
]
}
],
"stakeholders": [
{
"name": "Town resident",
"statement": "Our road and homes need protection."
},
{
"name": "Downstream resident",
"statement": "Reducing risk in the town must not increase our risk."
},
{
"name": "Upstream farmer",
"statement": "Storage on my land needs an agreed payment and responsibilities."
}
],
"questions": [
{
"id": "q1",
"prompt": "What is peak discharge in m³/s?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 29,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Read the maximum on the discharge line and its left axis.",
"unit": "m³/s",
"resourceIds": [
"storm-record"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret the storm record"
},
{
"id": "q2",
"prompt": "What is the peak lag time in hours?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 5,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Maximum rainfall is at hour 2; maximum discharge is at hour 7. Subtract 2.",
"unit": "h",
"resourceIds": [
"storm-record"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret the storm record"
},
{
"id": "q3",
"prompt": "What can this record establish?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "The discharge peak follows the rainfall peak in this storm.",
"choices": [
"The discharge peak follows the rainfall peak in this storm.",
"The same lag occurs in every storm.",
"The lag proves that one particular soil type caused the response."
],
"explanation": "Travel time and storage can delay discharge, but one record does not identify a unique mechanism or prove a universal lag.",
"resourceIds": [
"storm-record"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret the storm record"
},
{
"id": "q4",
"prompt": "Calculate homes in the mapped extent at the town reach.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 950,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "1900 × 50/100.",
"resourceIds": [
"floodplain"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret and calculate from resources"
},
{
"id": "q5",
"prompt": "Explain one way impermeable surfaces may affect the storm response, and one reason this record cannot isolate their effect.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Impermeable surfaces can reduce infiltration and increase rapid runoff. Rainfall pattern, antecedent moisture, basin shape and drainage also affect discharge; one storm is not a controlled comparison.",
"explanation": "Impermeable surfaces can reduce infiltration and increase rapid runoff. Rainfall pattern, antecedent moisture, basin shape and drainage also affect discharge; one storm is not a controlled comparison.",
"resourceIds": [
"storm-record",
"floodplain"
],
"marks": 4,
"objective": "Explain relationships or evaluate evidence"
},
{
"id": "q6",
"prompt": "Recommend an option for a storm, its hydrograph and flood management. Use at least two resources, compare an alternative and address an uncertainty or stakeholder concern.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Different options are defensible. State your priority, use accurate evidence from the flood model, explain the geographical relationships and compare benefits and limitations. Rainfall is transformed through drainage-basin stores and flows, while exposure shapes the effects. No option is universally best.",
"explanation": "Different options are defensible. State your priority, use accurate evidence from the flood model, explain the geographical relationships and compare benefits and limitations. Rainfall is transformed through drainage-basin stores and flows, while exposure shapes the effects. No option is universally best.",
"resourceIds": [
"storm-record",
"floodplain",
"management-options"
],
"marks": 9,
"objective": "Explain relationships or evaluate evidence"
}
],
"limitations": [
"Peak and lag describe one synthetic storm.",
"Surface cover alone does not establish discharge or annual flood risk."
],
"model": {
"storm": [
[
0,
0,
5
],
[
1,
4,
5
],
[
2,
11,
5
],
[
3,
6,
5
],
[
4,
0,
11
],
[
5,
0,
17
],
[
6,
0,
23
],
[
7,
0,
29
],
[
8,
0,
23
],
[
9,
0,
17
],
[
10,
0,
11
],
[
11,
0,
5
],
[
12,
0,
5
]
],
"reaches": [
{
"name": "Upper reach",
"impermeable": 20,
"homes": 900,
"exposure": 20
},
{
"name": "Town reach",
"impermeable": 65,
"homes": 1900,
"exposure": 50
},
{
"name": "Lower reach",
"impermeable": 35,
"homes": 1700,
"exposure": 30
}
],
"peak": 29,
"budget": 8
}
},
{
"id": "section-2",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Choropleth maps",
"intro": "The shading represents a percentage of households, not a total. Class boundaries are lower-inclusive and upper-exclusive.",
"resourceType": "map",
"skillId": "choropleths",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional district flood survey. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "A–D use these non-overlapping classes: 0 to less than 10%; 10 to less than 20%; 20 to less than 30%; 30 to less than 40%. A has 1,000 households and D has 100 households.",
"columns": [
"District",
"Reported damage (%)",
"Households"
],
"rows": [
[
"A",
2,
1000
],
[
"B",
17,
500
],
[
"C",
21,
500
],
[
"D",
38,
100
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q7",
"prompt": "Which class contains district C?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "20 to less than 30%",
"choices": [
"10 to less than 20%",
"20 to less than 30%",
"30 to less than 40%"
],
"explanation": "21 is at least 20 and below 30. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q8",
"prompt": "How many households in A reported damage?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 20,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "2% of 1,000 = 20. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q9",
"prompt": "Does the darkest district necessarily have the most affected households?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "No; the household denominators differ.",
"choices": [
"Yes; darkest always means the highest count.",
"No; the household denominators differ."
],
"explanation": "A high rate in a small population can represent fewer households than a lower rate in a large population. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-3",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Climate graphs",
"intro": "Use the accompanying exact monthly values for calculations. Both axes begin at zero.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "climate-graphs",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Monthly climate graph. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "Jan: 79 mm, 7°C; Feb: 41 mm, 8°C; Mar: 120 mm, 11°C; Apr: 92 mm, 14°C; May: 96 mm, 18°C; Jun: 68 mm, 21°C; Jul: 127 mm, 23°C; Aug: 106 mm, 22°C; Sep: 45 mm, 19°C; Oct: 90 mm, 15°C; Nov: 85 mm, 11°C; Dec: 115 mm, 8°C",
"columns": [
"Month",
"Rainfall (mm)",
"Temperature (°C)"
],
"rows": [
[
"Jan",
79,
7
],
[
"Feb",
41,
8
],
[
"Mar",
120,
11
],
[
"Apr",
92,
14
],
[
"May",
96,
18
],
[
"Jun",
68,
21
],
[
"Jul",
127,
23
],
[
"Aug",
106,
22
],
[
"Sep",
45,
19
],
[
"Oct",
90,
15
],
[
"Nov",
85,
11
],
[
"Dec",
115,
8
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q10",
"prompt": "What is the total annual rainfall in mm?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 1064,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Add the rainfall for all twelve months. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "mm",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q11",
"prompt": "What is the annual temperature range in °C?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 16,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Subtract the lowest monthly temperature from the highest. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "°C",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q12",
"prompt": "In which month is the highest mean temperature?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Jul",
"choices": [
"Jan",
"Apr",
"Jul",
"Oct"
],
"explanation": "Identify the highest point on the temperature line. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-4",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Mean, median and range",
"intro": "Each observation uses the same area. One count is much higher than the others; keep it in the calculations.",
"resourceType": "table",
"skillId": "averages",
"resource": {
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Site",
"Litter items in a 10 m² quadrat"
],
"rows": [
[
"Site 1",
22
],
[
"Site 2",
42
],
[
"Site 3",
19
],
[
"Site 4",
19
],
[
"Site 5",
20
]
],
"caption": "Fictional field observations All values are synthetic.",
"description": "Fictional field observations"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q13",
"prompt": "What is the mean count?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 24.4,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Add the 5 values and divide by 5. Mean = 24.4. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q14",
"prompt": "What is the median count?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 20,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Sort the values. Use the middle value. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q15",
"prompt": "What is the range?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 23,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Subtract the smallest count from the largest. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q16",
"prompt": "Which summary is less influenced by the extreme count?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Median",
"choices": [
"Mean",
"Median"
],
"explanation": "The median depends on the middle positions rather than the magnitude of the extreme count. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-5",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Climate graphs",
"intro": "Use the accompanying exact monthly values for calculations. Both axes begin at zero.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "climate-graphs",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Monthly climate graph. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "Jan: 35 mm, 5°C; Feb: 30 mm, 6°C; Mar: 40 mm, 9°C; Apr: 29 mm, 12°C; May: 76 mm, 16°C; Jun: 89 mm, 19°C; Jul: 82 mm, 21°C; Aug: 112 mm, 20°C; Sep: 77 mm, 17°C; Oct: 19 mm, 13°C; Nov: 19 mm, 9°C; Dec: 30 mm, 6°C",
"columns": [
"Month",
"Rainfall (mm)",
"Temperature (°C)"
],
"rows": [
[
"Jan",
35,
5
],
[
"Feb",
30,
6
],
[
"Mar",
40,
9
],
[
"Apr",
29,
12
],
[
"May",
76,
16
],
[
"Jun",
89,
19
],
[
"Jul",
82,
21
],
[
"Aug",
112,
20
],
[
"Sep",
77,
17
],
[
"Oct",
19,
13
],
[
"Nov",
19,
9
],
[
"Dec",
30,
6
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q17",
"prompt": "What is the total annual rainfall in mm?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 638,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Add the rainfall for all twelve months. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "mm",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q18",
"prompt": "What is the annual temperature range in °C?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 16,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Subtract the lowest monthly temperature from the highest. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "°C",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q19",
"prompt": "In which month is the highest mean temperature?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Jul",
"choices": [
"Jan",
"Apr",
"Jul",
"Oct"
],
"explanation": "Identify the highest point on the temperature line. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-6",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: River discharge",
"intro": "Use the explicitly rectangular cross section. The supplied mean velocity represents the whole cross section; it is not an uncorrected surface-float velocity.",
"resourceType": "table",
"skillId": "river-discharge",
"resource": {
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Measurement",
"Value"
],
"rows": [
[
"Width (m)",
3
],
[
"Uniform depth (m)",
0.7
],
[
"Mean cross-sectional velocity (m/s)",
0.6
]
],
"caption": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel All values are synthetic.",
"description": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q20",
"prompt": "What is the cross-sectional area in m²?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 2.1,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Width × depth. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m²",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q21",
"prompt": "What is discharge in m³/s?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 1.26,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Cross-sectional area × mean cross-sectional velocity. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m³/s",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-7",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: River discharge",
"intro": "Use the explicitly rectangular cross section. The supplied mean velocity represents the whole cross section; it is not an uncorrected surface-float velocity.",
"resourceType": "table",
"skillId": "river-discharge",
"resource": {
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Measurement",
"Value"
],
"rows": [
[
"Width (m)",
8
],
[
"Uniform depth (m)",
0.8
],
[
"Mean cross-sectional velocity (m/s)",
1.2
]
],
"caption": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel All values are synthetic.",
"description": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q22",
"prompt": "What is the cross-sectional area in m²?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 6.4,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Width × depth. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m²",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q23",
"prompt": "What is discharge in m³/s?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 7.68,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Cross-sectional area × mean cross-sectional velocity. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m³/s",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-8",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: River discharge",
"intro": "Use the explicitly rectangular cross section. The supplied mean velocity represents the whole cross section; it is not an uncorrected surface-float velocity.",
"resourceType": "table",
"skillId": "river-discharge",
"resource": {
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Measurement",
"Value"
],
"rows": [
[
"Width (m)",
7
],
[
"Uniform depth (m)",
0.3
],
[
"Mean cross-sectional velocity (m/s)",
0.2
]
],
"caption": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel All values are synthetic.",
"description": "Idealised fictional rectangular channel"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q24",
"prompt": "What is the cross-sectional area in m²?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 2.1,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Width × depth. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m²",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q25",
"prompt": "What is discharge in m³/s?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 0.42,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Cross-sectional area × mean cross-sectional velocity. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m³/s",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-9",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Review a questionnaire sample",
"intro": "Fictional training exercise. A survey about a proposed town-centre cycle lane collects responses at a cycle shop.",
"environment": "Urban areas",
"activityId": "questionnaire-bias",
"resourceType": "table",
"resource": {
"columns": [
"Response",
"Number"
],
"rows": [
[
"Support",
42
],
[
"Oppose",
8
]
],
"caption": "Fictional training data created by GeographyHelp"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q26",
"prompt": "What percentage of this sample supports the lane?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 84,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "42 ÷ 50 × 100 = 84%. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "%",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q27",
"prompt": "Which claim does the sample support?",
"type": "choice",
"choices": [
"84% of all town residents support it",
"84% of the 50 respondents support it",
"Everyone who cycles supports it"
],
"answer": "84% of the 50 respondents support it",
"explanation": "The sample was taken at one location and may overrepresent cycling interests. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q28",
"prompt": "How could the team improve representation while protecting respondents?",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Use several locations and time periods with a consistent selection rule; explain voluntary participation and avoid collecting names or unnecessary identifying details. Sampling changes reduce bias but do not guarantee a representative result.",
"explanation": "Use several locations and time periods with a consistent selection rule; explain voluntary participation and avoid collecting names or unnecessary identifying details. Sampling changes reduce bias but do not guarantee a representative result. Original credit guidance: credit relevant explained reasoning; accept accurate alternatives.",
"marks": 2
}
]
}
],
"guidance": [
"This original review does not award levels, SPaG or precise marks. Evaluation needs a judgement linked to the particular question.",
"Original application practice, not a complete examination paper. No assessed investigation, assignment, folio or restricted resource is reproduced.",
"The linked template fixes its coherent core resources. Resource type and skill selections control the explicitly labelled supplementary geographical skills."
],
"warnings": [
"The linked model is fictional and explicit; it is not a calibrated impact forecast or a complete official paper."
],
"credits": [
"Original fictional model and resources: GeographyHelp.",
"Written practice context: https://www.aqa.org.uk/files/2vT3LmcUzNO62qpl9IGZTD/c0b2adecbe1ddb3d7be035ff60b948743c186a82.pdf"
],
"version": "2026.10.07.2",
"engineVersion": "1.2.1",
"contentVersion": "2026-10-07.1",
"seed": 73
}