{
"id": "pack-aqa-a-level-74-50-energy",
"title": "Energy, development and resource decisions",
"qualification": "AQA A-level Geography",
"qualificationId": "aqa-a-level",
"examYear": 2027,
"templateId": "linked-energy",
"difficulty": "extension",
"skillIds": [],
"fieldworkModeIds": [],
"engineOptions": {},
"minutes": 60,
"totalMarks": 50,
"topics": [
"Energy",
"Climate"
],
"caseIds": [],
"sections": [
{
"id": "section-1",
"title": "Energy demand, output and competing priorities",
"intro": "Original fictional unfamiliar-resource pack. Work across the resources; each describes the same teaching scenario. This is not an official examination paper or a real project forecast.",
"resources": [
{
"id": "energy-projects",
"title": "Capacity, output and land",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Project",
"Capacity (MW)",
"Capacity factor (%)",
"Annual output (GWh)",
"Capital cost (£ million)",
"New land footprint (ha)"
],
"rows": [
[
"Wind",
20,
40,
70.08,
18,
24
],
[
"Solar roofs",
15,
14,
18.4,
12,
0
],
[
"Small hydro",
10,
43,
37.67,
19,
8
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "Annual output = capacity × capacity factor/100 × 8,760 hours ÷ 1,000. Capacity is a power rate; output is an energy quantity."
},
{
"id": "energy-context",
"title": "Demand and emissions",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Measure",
"Value",
"Unit"
],
"rows": [
[
"Annual local demand",
100,
"GWh"
],
[
"Wind: lifecycle emissions intensity",
12,
"g CO₂e/kWh"
],
[
"Solar roofs: lifecycle emissions intensity",
35,
"g CO₂e/kWh"
],
[
"Small hydro: lifecycle emissions intensity",
24,
"g CO₂e/kWh"
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "Fictional lifecycle intensity estimates use the same boundary. They are not operational emissions only; output timing, storage and grid losses are omitted."
},
{
"id": "management-options",
"title": "Management alternatives",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Option",
"Capital cost (£ million)",
"Benefit",
"Limitation"
],
"rows": [
[
"Wind",
18,
"Estimated annual output 70.08 GWh; Lifecycle intensity 12 g CO₂e/kWh",
"Variable generation and landscape effects; Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
],
[
"Solar roofs",
12,
"Estimated annual output 18.4 GWh; Lifecycle intensity 35 g CO₂e/kWh",
"Seasonal generation and roof agreements; Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
],
[
"Small hydro",
19,
"Estimated annual output 37.67 GWh; Lifecycle intensity 24 g CO₂e/kWh",
"River ecology and low-flow constraints; Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "Available capital budget: £20 million. Options are alternatives; their benefits cannot simply be added. Operating costs are separate."
}
],
"resource": {
"id": "energy-projects",
"title": "Capacity, output and land",
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Project",
"Capacity (MW)",
"Capacity factor (%)",
"Annual output (GWh)",
"Capital cost (£ million)",
"New land footprint (ha)"
],
"rows": [
[
"Wind",
20,
40,
70.08,
18,
24
],
[
"Solar roofs",
15,
14,
18.4,
12,
0
],
[
"Small hydro",
10,
43,
37.67,
19,
8
]
],
"caption": "Original fictional teaching data. These are not observations or predictions for a real place.",
"description": "Annual output = capacity × capacity factor/100 × 8,760 hours ÷ 1,000. Capacity is a power rate; output is an energy quantity."
},
"resourceType": "linked",
"costUnit": "£ million",
"options": [
{
"id": "wind",
"label": "Wind",
"cost": 18,
"benefits": [
"Estimated annual output 70.08 GWh",
"Lifecycle intensity 12 g CO₂e/kWh"
],
"limitations": [
"Variable generation and landscape effects",
"Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
]
},
{
"id": "solar",
"label": "Solar roofs",
"cost": 12,
"benefits": [
"Estimated annual output 18.4 GWh",
"Lifecycle intensity 35 g CO₂e/kWh"
],
"limitations": [
"Seasonal generation and roof agreements",
"Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
]
},
{
"id": "small",
"label": "Small hydro",
"cost": 19,
"benefits": [
"Estimated annual output 37.67 GWh",
"Lifecycle intensity 24 g CO₂e/kWh"
],
"limitations": [
"River ecology and low-flow constraints",
"Operating costs and grid connection need separate assessment"
]
}
],
"stakeholders": [
{
"name": "Grid operator",
"statement": "We need output when demand occurs, not only a yearly total."
},
{
"name": "Resident",
"statement": "Local environmental effects and affordability need consideration."
},
{
"name": "Climate adviser",
"statement": "Compare lifecycle boundaries consistently."
}
],
"questions": [
{
"id": "q1",
"prompt": "Calculate the wind annual output in GWh to two decimal places.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 70.08,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"unit": "GWh",
"explanation": "20 × 40/100 × 8,760 ÷ 1,000.",
"resourceIds": [
"energy-projects"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret and calculate from resources"
},
{
"id": "q2",
"prompt": "What percentage of annual local demand could wind output equal, ignoring timing and losses?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 70.08,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"unit": "%",
"explanation": "70.08 ÷ 100 × 100.",
"resourceIds": [
"energy-projects",
"energy-context"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Interpret and calculate from resources"
},
{
"id": "q3",
"prompt": "Explain why annual output equal to a large share of demand does not guarantee a secure supply at all times.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Demand and output vary through time. Storage, backup, network capacity and losses matter; an annual total cannot show simultaneous availability.",
"explanation": "Demand and output vary through time. Storage, backup, network capacity and losses matter; an annual total cannot show simultaneous availability.",
"resourceIds": [
"energy-projects",
"energy-context"
],
"marks": 4,
"objective": "Explain relationships or evaluate evidence"
},
{
"id": "q4",
"prompt": "Which comparison uses matching quantities?",
"type": "choice",
"choices": [
"Capacity in MW versus annual demand in GWh",
"Annual output in GWh versus annual demand in GWh"
],
"answer": "Annual output in GWh versus annual demand in GWh",
"explanation": "Power and energy have different units and meanings.",
"resourceIds": [
"energy-projects",
"energy-context"
],
"marks": 1,
"objective": "Evaluate a resource claim"
},
{
"id": "q5",
"prompt": "Recommend an option for energy demand, output and competing priorities. Use at least two resources, compare an alternative and address an uncertainty or stakeholder concern.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Different options are defensible. State your priority, use accurate evidence from the energy model, explain the geographical relationships and compare benefits and limitations. Energy security depends on demand, timing, infrastructure, costs and environmental consequences. No option is universally best.",
"explanation": "Different options are defensible. State your priority, use accurate evidence from the energy model, explain the geographical relationships and compare benefits and limitations. Energy security depends on demand, timing, infrastructure, costs and environmental consequences. No option is universally best.",
"resourceIds": [
"energy-projects",
"energy-context",
"management-options"
],
"marks": 6,
"objective": "Explain relationships or evaluate evidence"
}
],
"limitations": [
"Capacity factors are fictional assumptions.",
"Annual balances do not represent hourly security or whole-system cost."
],
"model": {
"projects": [
{
"name": "Wind",
"capacity": 20,
"factor": 40,
"cost": 18,
"emissions": 12,
"land": 24,
"output": 70.08
},
{
"name": "Solar roofs",
"capacity": 15,
"factor": 14,
"cost": 12,
"emissions": 35,
"land": 0,
"output": 18.4
},
{
"name": "Small hydro",
"capacity": 10,
"factor": 43,
"cost": 19,
"emissions": 24,
"land": 8,
"output": 37.67
}
],
"demand": 100,
"budget": 20
}
},
{
"id": "section-2",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Choropleth maps",
"intro": "The shading represents a percentage of households, not a total. Class boundaries are lower-inclusive and upper-exclusive.",
"resourceType": "map",
"skillId": "choropleths",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional district flood survey. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "A–D use these non-overlapping classes: 0 to less than 10%; 10 to less than 20%; 20 to less than 30%; 30 to less than 40%. A has 1,000 households and D has 100 households.",
"columns": [
"District",
"Reported damage (%)",
"Households"
],
"rows": [
[
"A",
2,
1000
],
[
"B",
14,
500
],
[
"C",
24,
500
],
[
"D",
35,
100
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q6",
"prompt": "Which class contains district C?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "20 to less than 30%",
"choices": [
"10 to less than 20%",
"20 to less than 30%",
"30 to less than 40%"
],
"explanation": "24 is at least 20 and below 30. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q7",
"prompt": "How many households in A reported damage?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 20,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "2% of 1,000 = 20. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q8",
"prompt": "Does the darkest district necessarily have the most affected households?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "No; the household denominators differ.",
"choices": [
"Yes; darkest always means the highest count.",
"No; the household denominators differ."
],
"explanation": "A high rate in a small population can represent fewer households than a lower rate in a large population. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-3",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Landscape cross sections",
"intro": "The profile joins six measured points with straight segments. Horizontal units are kilometres and vertical units are metres. The drawn slope angle is exaggerated by these different scales.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "cross-sections",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional landscape cross section. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "0 km along the transect: 40 m above datum; 1 km along the transect: 240 m above datum; 2 km along the transect: 440 m above datum; 3 km along the transect: 640 m above datum; 4 km along the transect: 440 m above datum; 5 km along the transect: 40 m above datum",
"columns": [
"Distance (km)",
"Height (m)"
],
"rows": [
[
0,
40
],
[
1,
240
],
[
2,
440
],
[
3,
640
],
[
4,
440
],
[
5,
40
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q9",
"prompt": "What is the difference in height between the highest and lowest measured points, in metres?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 600,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "640 − 40 = 600 m. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q10",
"prompt": "For the section from 2 km to 3 km, express the gradient as 1:n. Enter n.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 5,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "The horizontal run is 1,000 m and the rise is 200 m. Divide horizontal run by rise. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q11",
"prompt": "Can the drawn line angle be used directly as the real slope angle?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "No; the horizontal and vertical scales differ.",
"choices": [
"Yes; every profile preserves real angles.",
"No; the horizontal and vertical scales differ."
],
"explanation": "Use real vertical and horizontal distances. Vertical exaggeration changes the displayed angle. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-4",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Choose reliable velocity measurements",
"intro": "Fictional training exercise. A float is timed along the same 5 m reach four times. No student enters the water.",
"environment": "Rivers",
"activityId": "river-repeats",
"resourceType": "table",
"resource": {
"columns": [
"Trial",
"Time (s)"
],
"rows": [
[
1,
10
],
[
2,
11
],
[
3,
10
],
[
4,
29
]
],
"caption": "Fictional training data created by GeographyHelp"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q12",
"prompt": "Which action best investigates the 29-second result?",
"type": "choice",
"choices": [
"Delete it without recording it",
"Repeat the trial and check for an obstruction",
"Replace it with 10 seconds"
],
"answer": "Repeat the trial and check for an obstruction",
"explanation": "Retain the raw result, record any obstruction and repeat. A different value alone does not prove an error. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q13",
"prompt": "What was velocity in trial 1, in m/s?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 0.5,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "5 m ÷ 10 s = 0.5 m/s. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m/s",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q14",
"prompt": "Why might surface floats overestimate mean velocity? Develop two linked points and support them with the resource or a methodological reason.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "Friction often slows water near the bed and banks. Surface flow may be faster than the average through the section; wind and float paths also affect the estimate.",
"explanation": "Friction often slows water near the bed and banks. Surface flow may be faster than the average through the section; wind and float paths also affect the estimate. Credit up to 2 marks per relevant developed point (1 for the point, 1 for a correct reason, evidence link or implication), up to 4 marks. Original credit guidance: credit relevant explained reasoning; accept accurate alternatives.",
"marks": 4
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-5",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Scatter plots",
"intro": "Six locations were observed once. Several unmeasured factors could influence the number of trees.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "scatter-plots",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional settlement transect. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "1 km: 26 trees; 2 km: 23 trees; 3 km: 21 trees; 4 km: 18 trees; 5 km: 14 trees; 6 km: 13 trees",
"columns": [
"Distance (km)",
"Trees within 50 m"
],
"rows": [
[
1,
26
],
[
2,
23
],
[
3,
21
],
[
4,
18
],
[
5,
14
],
[
6,
13
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q15",
"prompt": "Which description best fits the pattern?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Negative association",
"choices": [
"Positive association",
"Negative association",
"Curved association",
"No association"
],
"explanation": "Tree counts generally fall as distance increases. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q16",
"prompt": "Which conclusion is justified?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"choices": [
"Distance itself causes every difference.",
"The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"The relationship applies to every town."
],
"explanation": "An observational association alone cannot establish causation or universal applicability. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-6",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Report missing field data",
"intro": "Fictional training exercise. A damaged counter failed at one of four sites.",
"environment": "Evaluation",
"activityId": "missing-data",
"resourceType": "table",
"resource": {
"columns": [
"Site",
"Count in 10 min"
],
"rows": [
[
"A",
20
],
[
"B",
32
],
[
"C",
"Missing"
],
[
"D",
44
]
],
"caption": "Fictional training data created by GeographyHelp"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q17",
"prompt": "What should the missing reading be recorded as?",
"type": "choice",
"choices": [
"Zero",
"A clearly labelled missing value",
"The mean without a note"
],
"answer": "A clearly labelled missing value",
"explanation": "Zero is a measured count; missing means no valid observation. Inventing a reading changes the evidence. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q18",
"prompt": "Calculate the mean of the three observed counts.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 32,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "(20 + 32 + 44) ÷ 3 = 32; the missing observation is excluded and the sample size is reported. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q19",
"prompt": "How does missing site C affect conclusions? Develop two linked points and support them with the resource or a methodological reason.",
"type": "text",
"answer": "It reduces spatial coverage and may bias the result if C differs systematically. A repeat visit may help, but its different timing must be recorded.",
"explanation": "It reduces spatial coverage and may bias the result if C differs systematically. A repeat visit may help, but its different timing must be recorded. Credit up to 2 marks per relevant developed point (1 for the point, 1 for a correct reason, evidence link or implication), up to 4 marks. Original credit guidance: credit relevant explained reasoning; accept accurate alternatives.",
"marks": 4
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-7",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Landscape cross sections",
"intro": "The profile joins six measured points with straight segments. Horizontal units are kilometres and vertical units are metres. The drawn slope angle is exaggerated by these different scales.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "cross-sections",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional landscape cross section. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "0 km along the transect: 20 m above datum; 1 km along the transect: 320 m above datum; 2 km along the transect: 620 m above datum; 3 km along the transect: 920 m above datum; 4 km along the transect: 620 m above datum; 5 km along the transect: 20 m above datum",
"columns": [
"Distance (km)",
"Height (m)"
],
"rows": [
[
0,
20
],
[
1,
320
],
[
2,
620
],
[
3,
920
],
[
4,
620
],
[
5,
20
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q20",
"prompt": "What is the difference in height between the highest and lowest measured points, in metres?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 900,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "920 − 20 = 900 m. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "m",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q21",
"prompt": "For the section from 2 km to 3 km, express the gradient as 1:n. Enter n.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 3.3333333333333335,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "The horizontal run is 1,000 m and the rise is 300 m. Divide horizontal run by rise. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q22",
"prompt": "Can the drawn line angle be used directly as the real slope angle?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "No; the horizontal and vertical scales differ.",
"choices": [
"Yes; every profile preserves real angles.",
"No; the horizontal and vertical scales differ."
],
"explanation": "Use real vertical and horizontal distances. Vertical exaggeration changes the displayed angle. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-8",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: GIS site selection",
"intro": "This training rule requires at least 2 hectares, outside protected land and the indicated flood zone. Among eligible sites, choose the lowest stated walk time. It is an explicit exercise rule, not a real planning approval.",
"resourceType": "map",
"skillId": "gis-site-selection",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional site-selection overlays. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "North is up. Blue band: excluded flood zone. Green block: protected land. Sites: A: protected no, flood zone no, area 2 hectares, walk 15 minutes; B: protected no, flood zone no, area 3 hectares, walk 19 minutes; C: protected yes, flood zone no, area 2 hectares, walk 7 minutes; D: protected no, flood zone no, area 5 hectares, walk 11 minutes. Minimum area 2 hectares.",
"columns": [
"Site",
"Protected land",
"Flood zone",
"Area (hectares)",
"Walk to bus stop (min)"
],
"rows": [
[
"A",
"No",
"No",
2,
15
],
[
"B",
"No",
"No",
3,
19
],
[
"C",
"Yes",
"No",
2,
7
],
[
"D",
"No",
"No",
5,
11
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q23",
"prompt": "How many sites meet every eligibility condition?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 3,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Apply all three eligibility conditions to each site before comparing journey times. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q24",
"prompt": "Which site does the stated rule select?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "D",
"choices": [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
],
"explanation": "D is eligible and has the lowest walk time among eligible sites (11 minutes). For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q25",
"prompt": "What does the exercise establish?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Which site meets the supplied rule; other planning evidence is still needed.",
"choices": [
"That the selected site is approved for construction.",
"Which site meets the supplied rule; other planning evidence is still needed."
],
"explanation": "Overlay screening cannot replace permissions, surveys, consultation or a fuller appraisal. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-9",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Spearman rank correlation",
"intro": "Rank each variable from smallest to largest. Give tied values their average rank. Spearman’s coefficient is the Pearson correlation of these ranks; the no-ties shortcut is inappropriate here. This task calculates association, not significance.",
"resourceType": "table",
"skillId": "spearman",
"resource": {
"kind": "table",
"columns": [
"Site",
"Distance (km)",
"Pedestrians per 10 min"
],
"rows": [
[
"Site 1",
1,
11
],
[
"Site 2",
2,
13
],
[
"Site 3",
2,
13
],
[
"Site 4",
4,
14
],
[
"Site 5",
5,
18
],
[
"Site 6",
6,
16
]
],
"caption": "Paired fictional site observations All values are synthetic.",
"description": "Paired fictional site observations"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q26",
"prompt": "What rank do the two distance values of 2 km receive?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 2.5,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "They occupy positions 2 and 3; the average is 2.5. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q27",
"prompt": "Calculate Spearman’s coefficient to two decimal places.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 0.94,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "Using average ranks gives 0.94. Its sign describes the direction of the monotonic association. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q28",
"prompt": "What does this calculation establish?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "A rank association in these observations.",
"choices": [
"A rank association in these observations.",
"Proof that distance causes pedestrian numbers.",
"Statistical significance without any further information."
],
"explanation": "A coefficient is not a significance decision. Independence, sample design and an appropriate test would need consideration. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-10",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Scatter plots",
"intro": "Six locations were observed once. Several unmeasured factors could influence the number of trees.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "scatter-plots",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional settlement transect. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "1 km: 10 trees; 2 km: 13 trees; 3 km: 17 trees; 4 km: 20 trees; 5 km: 22 trees; 6 km: 27 trees",
"columns": [
"Distance (km)",
"Trees within 50 m"
],
"rows": [
[
1,
10
],
[
2,
13
],
[
3,
17
],
[
4,
20
],
[
5,
22
],
[
6,
27
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q29",
"prompt": "Which description best fits the pattern?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Positive association",
"choices": [
"Positive association",
"Negative association",
"Curved association",
"No association"
],
"explanation": "Tree counts generally rise as distance increases. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q30",
"prompt": "Which conclusion is justified?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"choices": [
"Distance itself causes every difference.",
"The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"The relationship applies to every town."
],
"explanation": "An observational association alone cannot establish causation or universal applicability. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-11",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Scatter plots",
"intro": "Six locations were observed once. Several unmeasured factors could influence the number of trees.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "scatter-plots",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Fictional settlement transect. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "1 km: 22 trees; 2 km: 10 trees; 3 km: 4 trees; 4 km: 4 trees; 5 km: 10 trees; 6 km: 22 trees",
"columns": [
"Distance (km)",
"Trees within 50 m"
],
"rows": [
[
1,
22
],
[
2,
10
],
[
3,
4
],
[
4,
4
],
[
5,
10
],
[
6,
22
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q31",
"prompt": "Which description best fits the pattern?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "Curved association",
"choices": [
"Positive association",
"Negative association",
"Curved association",
"No association"
],
"explanation": "Tree counts fall and then rise. A curved relationship can exist even when a straight-line correlation is zero. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q32",
"prompt": "Which conclusion is justified?",
"type": "choice",
"answer": "The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"choices": [
"Distance itself causes every difference.",
"The observations show an association, but do not establish its cause.",
"The relationship applies to every town."
],
"explanation": "An observational association alone cannot establish causation or universal applicability. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-12",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Population pyramids",
"intro": "These are broad age categories, not equal five-year bands. The six bars together sum to 100%.",
"resourceType": "graph",
"skillId": "population-pyramids",
"resource": {
"kind": "svg",
"svg": "",
"caption": "Broad age structure. Original fictional resource; not an official map or real dataset.",
"description": "0–14: male 13%, female 20%; 15–64: male 32%, female 26%; 65+: male 5%, female 4%",
"columns": [
"Age group",
"Male (% of total)",
"Female (% of total)"
],
"rows": [
[
"0–14",
13,
20
],
[
"15–64",
32,
26
],
[
"65+",
5,
4
]
]
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q33",
"prompt": "What percentage of the whole population is aged 0–14?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 33,
"tolerance": 0,
"explanation": "Add the male and female percentages for this age group. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": "%",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q34",
"prompt": "Calculate dependants per 100 people aged 15–64, using 0–14 and 65+ as dependants.",
"type": "number",
"answer": 72.41,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "(33 + 9) ÷ 58 × 100. This is an age-based ratio, not a count of employment status. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"unit": null,
"marks": 1
}
]
},
{
"id": "section-13",
"title": "Supplementary geographical skill: Make environmental scores comparable",
"intro": "Fictional training exercise. Two observers rate litter on a five-point scale. Higher scores mean less litter.",
"environment": "Urban areas",
"activityId": "environmental-quality",
"resourceType": "table",
"resource": {
"columns": [
"Site",
"Observer A",
"Observer B"
],
"rows": [
[
"Square",
4,
2
],
[
"Station",
3,
3
],
[
"Park",
5,
4
]
],
"caption": "Fictional training data created by GeographyHelp"
},
"questions": [
{
"id": "q35",
"prompt": "What is the largest absolute difference between observers?",
"type": "number",
"answer": 2,
"tolerance": 0.01,
"explanation": "At the square, |4 − 2| = 2. For this 1-mark task, credit the accepted numerical answer in the requested units.",
"marks": 1
},
{
"id": "q36",
"prompt": "Which step best improves consistency?",
"type": "choice",
"choices": [
"Agree descriptive criteria and practise scoring together",
"Always use the higher score",
"Remove every site with disagreement"
],
"answer": "Agree descriptive criteria and practise scoring together",
"explanation": "Shared criteria and calibration address interpretation differences while retaining the original observations. For this 1-mark task, credit the keyed option.",
"marks": 1
}
]
}
],
"guidance": [
"Use this where a fully checked route-specific profile is not available. No automatic mark or predicted grade is provided.",
"Original application practice, not a complete examination paper. No assessed investigation, assignment, folio or restricted resource is reproduced.",
"The linked template fixes its coherent core resources. Resource type and skill selections control the explicitly labelled supplementary geographical skills."
],
"warnings": [
"The linked model is fictional and explicit; it is not a calibrated impact forecast or a complete official paper."
],
"credits": [
"Original fictional model and resources: GeographyHelp."
],
"version": "2026.10.07.2",
"engineVersion": "1.2.1",
"contentVersion": "2026-10-07.1",
"seed": 74
}